Persistence of vision

Persistence of vision

The persistence of vision is just how well you can visually see the animation or stop motion and how smoothly and clearly it is. If more frames are used the animation will run alot smoother, each frame should stay in the memory for 1/10 of a second then the next frame should appear. If the animation accomplishes this effectively the audience will be impressed as the video will look amazingly smooth and be more enjoyable to watch as a jumpy less clear video which is what you would get if you didn't stick to the rule of each frame appearing for 1/10th of a second.

Frame Rate

The frame rate is very important when making a animation video as it determines how well the video runs and how smooth it looks to the audience. 60 frames per second is what the human eye is maximised to so there is no need to go over that at all as if won't effect how it looks and frames will be wasted. So if you wish to have the best outcome on any animation 60 fps (frames per second) is recommended. 30 frames per second can also be used but is no where near as effective and nowadays is never seen only on very rare occasions or when watching a old animation. Frame rate overall is just how fast each frame is shown and at which rate they are shown. 

Stop Frame

Stop frame is the term usually used when talking about just one frame from a sequence. So for example if you are watching a stop motion animation and you pause the video you will be looking at one frame that is one of 60 making up only one second of actual smooth video. Stop frames are very important as each one should ever so slightly be changed so that the animation has the best outcome. If the creator makes sure each frame is perfect the animation will run much smoother and audience will see the difference and benefit from the high quality illusion of movement that each frame playing at 1/10s shows when put together. 

Storyboards

Storyboards are key when making a successful and effective animation. Before hand you should have a good idea in your head of what your animation is going look like and how the story will pan out. A quick mind map or list of the things involved would help as you could re read it back when creating your storyboard to refresh the memory. When actually making the storyboard you should be thinking about all the different frames and what different views the audience would see the animation from. 

Stop Motion Animation

Stop motion (also known as stop frame) is an animation technique to make a physically manipulated object appear to move on its own. The object is moved in small increments between individually photographed frames, creating the illusion of movement when the series of frames is played as a continuous sequence. Dolls with movable joints or clay figures are often used in stop motion for their ease of repositioning. Stop motion animation using plasticine is called clay animation or "clay-mation"

Joseph Plateau

Joseph Plateau was a Belgian physicist who was born on 14th October 1801 and died on the 15th September 1883. Plateau is known and most famous for creating the first illusion of a moving image. He called his creation the phenakistoscope. The creation was made up of rotating disks with drawn images that have been repeated but slightly changed in small increments of motion on one and regularly spaced slits in the other.

Wills O Brien

Willis H O Brien is a American motion picture special effect and stop motion animation pioneer. He has be recognised and thought of to produce some of the best known images in cinema history. Most of all though he is remembered because of his contribution in making the short films King-Kong (1993) The lost world (1925) and Mighty Joe Young (1949) which consequently made he win the 1950 Academy award for best visual effects. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Nh-gUUsvS08

Ray Harryhausen

Raymond Frederick "Ray" Harryhausen (June 29, 1920 – May 7, 2013) was an American visual effects creator, writer, and producer who created a form of stop-motion model animation known as "Dynamation." His most memorable works include the animation on Mighty Joe Young (1949), with his mentor Willis H. O'Brien, which won the Academy Award for special effects; The 7th Voyage of Sinbad (1958), his first color film; and Jason and the Argonauts (1963), featuring a famous sword fight against seven skeleton warriors. His last film was Clash of the Titans(1981), after which he retired.

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Szgam0NeUf0
William Horner

William Horner was a British mathematician; he was a: schoolmaster, headmaster and schoolkeeper, who wrote extensively on functional equations, number theory and approximation theory, but also on optics. His contribution to approximation theory is honoured in the designation Horner's method, this then lead to him gaining huge respect in Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London for 1819. The modern invention of the zoetrope, under the name Daedaleum in 1834, has been awarded to him. A zoetrope is one of many pre-cinema animation devices that produce the illusion of motion by displaying a sequence of drawings or photographs in a short period of time creating the illusion. The zoetrope consists of a cylinder with slits cut vertically in the sides. On the inner surface of the cylinder is a band with images from a set of sequenced pictures. As the cylinder spins, the user looks through the slits at the pictures across. This amazing idea and creation was then later developed and improved in many many years down the line.

Emile Reynaud

Emile Reynaud was a French inventor, responsible for the first projected animated cartoons. Reynaud created the Prexinoscope in 1877. On 28th October 1892 he projected the first animated film in public, it was caslled Pauvre Pierrot, at the Musee Grevin in Paris. The praxinoscope was an animation device, very similar  to the zeotrope. Like the zoetrope, it used a strip of pictures placed around the inner surface of a spinning cylinder. The praxinoscope improved on the zoetrope by replacing its narrow viewing slits with an inner circle of mirrors, placed so that the reflections of the pictures appeared more or less stationary in position as the wheel turned. Someone looking in the mirrors would therefore see a quick amount of images producing the illusion of motion, with a brighter and less distorted picture than the zoetrope offered.

Edward Muybridge

Edward James Muggeridge was born on April 9, 1830 to John and Susan Muggeridge of Kingston upon Thames, England. At age twenty, he immigrated to America, first to New York, working as a bookseller, and then to San Francisco, where he acquired an interest in photography in 1855. At this time, he changed his surname to Muybridge. As Muybridge's reputation as a photographer grew in the late 1800s, former California Governor Leland Stanford contacted him to help settle a bet. Speculation raged for years over whether all four hooves of a running horse left the ground. Stanford believed they did, but the motion was too fast for human eyes to detect. In 1872, Muybridge began experimenting with an array of 12 cameras photographing a galloping horse in a sequence of shots. After experiementing for several years and study at university Muybridge finally presented his photographic methods using a projection device he'd developed, the Zoopraxiscope. The zoopraxiscope projected images from rotating glass disks in rapid succession to give the impression of motion.

Thomas Edison 

Thomas Edison was an American inventor and businessman. He developed many devices that greatly influenced life around the world, including the phonograph, the motion picture camera and also the kinetoscope. The Kinetoscope is an early motion picture exhibition device. The Kinetoscope was designed for films to be viewed by one individual at a time through a peephole viewer window at the top of the device. The Kinetoscope was not a movie projector but introduced the basic approach that would become the standard for all cinematic projection before the advent of video, by creating the illusion of movement by conveying a strip of perforated film bearing sequential images over a light source with a high-speed shutter.

Lumiere Brothers.

Auguste Marie Louis Nicolas Born -19 October 1862 in Besançon, France and died on the 10th April 1954 in Lyon. Louis Jean born on the 5th October 1864 in Besançon, France then he died on the 6th June 1948 in Bandol. Also they were the earliest filmmakers in history. Louis Lumière worked with his brother Auguste to create a motion picture camera superior to Edison’s kinetoscope. They called it a cinematograph, it was a motion picture film camera, which also serves as a film projector and developer. It was invented in the 1890s by Léon Bouly but because he did not have the funds to carry everything on the Lumiere Brothers bought the license off him which is why they are remembered for creating the cinematograph not Bouly.

George Pal 

George Pal was a Hungarian-born American animator and film producer, principally associated with the science fiction genre. He became an American citizen after emigrating from Europe. He was nominated for Academy Awards (in the category Best short subjects, Cartoon) no less than seven consecutive years (1942–1948) and received an honorary award in 1944. He was famous for making a number of films through out a long time period and that is the reason he was nominated for so many awards.

Jan Svankmajer

Jan Svankmajer is a Czech filmmaker and artist whose work spans several media. He is a self-labeled surrealist known for his animations and features, which have greatly influenced other artists such as Terry Gilliam, the Brothers Quay, and many others.